Understanding the philosophy of life often involves examining influential thinkers and their ideas. One such figure is Pythagoras, whose teachings include the concept of vegetarianism—an idea that holds an essential place in his philosophy. Although widely recognized, the deeper significance of vegetarianism in Pythagoras’s philosophy is not always fully understood. Gaining a clearer understanding of this concept can greatly impact how we approach and develop our own philosophy of life. This article will explore Pythagoras’s teachings, the principle of vegetarianism, and their relevance to shaping a meaningful philosophy of life.
Key features of Pythagoras’s philosophy
Pythagoras’s philosophy is rooted in the idea that the universe is fundamentally connected through numbers and harmony. He believed that mathematics is not only a tool for measurement but a language that explains the essence of reality. Pythagoras is best known for his contributions to geometry, particularly the Pythagorean theorem, which shows the relationship between the sides of a right triangle. However, his ideas extended far beyond mathematics.
He introduced the concept that numbers have mystical and symbolic meanings, influencing everything from music to the structure of the cosmos. Pythagoras and his followers believed in the “music of the spheres,” an idea that the planets and stars move in harmonious patterns akin to musical notes, reflecting cosmic order.
Ethics and spirituality were also integral to his philosophy. He advocated for a life of balance and self-discipline, emphasizing purity of the soul. His teachings supported vegetarianism and nonviolence, as he believed in the importance of living in harmony with nature and all living beings.
Pythagoras’s teachings combined scientific inquiry with spiritual thought, illustrating how the material and abstract worlds are intertwined. His influence continues to be felt in mathematics, philosophy, and music, showcasing his belief in the deep connections that underpin existence.
What is vegetarianism?
Pythagoras, a renowned philosopher and mathematician from ancient Greece, held strong views about vegetarianism that were deeply rooted in his beliefs about the soul and harmony in nature. He saw all living beings as being interconnected and believed in the concept of the soul existing in all life forms. Because of this, Pythagoras advocated for a lifestyle that avoided harming animals, considering it a moral responsibility to preserve this connection. He felt that consuming animals disrupted the natural balance and brought harm not only to creatures but also to the human spirit. His perspective was not only philosophical but also spiritual, as he associated a peaceful and harmonious existence with treating all living beings with compassion and respect. For Pythagoras, vegetarianism was a way to live in alignment with the natural order, promoting peace and virtue in human life. This belief system influenced many of his followers and left a lasting impression on philosophical and ethical discussions in the centuries that followed.
This example helps to demonstrate this philosophical perspective. Pythagoras, an ancient Greek philosopher, strongly advocated for vegetarianism, believing that abstaining from consuming meat was not only healthier but also ethically and spiritually significant. One story often shared involves Pythagoras’s apparent refusal to eat meat due to his belief in the soul’s connection to all living beings. He taught his followers that animals possess a spiritual essence and consuming them would disturb both their own inner balance and the harmony of the world. Instead, he encouraged a diet centred around fruits, vegetables, grains, and legumes, aligning with his broader philosophy of achieving a peaceful and harmonious existence. By emphasizing a plant-based diet, Pythagoras highlighted the importance of being kind to animals and living in harmony with nature, deeply inspiring others to adopt similar views and practices throughout history.
Challenges to Pythagoras’s view about vegetarianism
Philosophers who object to or reject Pythagoras’s views on vegetarianism often base their arguments on differing ethical, practical, or metaphysical perspectives. One common objection stems from the belief that humans, as part of the natural world, are inherently omnivorous. Critics argue that eating meat is a natural part of human evolution and survival, pointing to historical practices and physical adaptations, such as the development of tools for hunting and our digestive system’s ability to process both plant and animal matter. From this perspective, avoiding meat entirely is seen as unnatural or unnecessary.
Another reason for rejecting vegetarianism is the idea of moral hierarchy. Some philosophers suggest that not all living beings hold equal value, and humans, as rational beings, have a higher moral standing than animals. This viewpoint often leads to the conclusion that using animals for food is ethically permissible, provided it is done responsibly and without unnecessary cruelty. These critics argue that ethical concerns should focus more on humane treatment of animals rather than entirely abstaining from meat consumption.
Practical concerns also play a significant role in objections to vegetarianism. Philosophers and thinkers who prioritize pragmatism often highlight the challenges of maintaining a completely vegetarian diet, particularly in regions where plant-based resources are scarce. For example, people living in areas with harsh climates or limited agricultural options may rely on animal proteins to sustain themselves. Critics argue that philosophical ideals must consider real-world limitations and not impose dietary restrictions that may be impractical or unsustainable for certain populations.
Finally, some oppositions arise from cultural or traditional viewpoints. Food practices are deeply rooted in many cultures, and rejecting meat consumption can be seen as dismissing important traditions or rituals. Philosophers with this perspective argue that imposing strict vegetarian views may conflict with a society’s cultural heritage, leading to unnecessary tension or alienation among individuals.
By focusing on these ethical, practical, and cultural considerations, opponents of Pythagoras’s emphasis on vegetarianism aim to present a more inclusive and flexible approach to dietary choices. Their rejection is not necessarily a dismissal of ethical treatment of animals but rather an argument for a balanced and context-sensitive perspective.
Why vegetarianism is important to Pythagoras’s philosophy
These are some of the primary reasons why grasping the concept of vegetarianism is essential to comprehending Pythagoras’s philosophy.
- Vegetarianism reflects Pythagoras’s emphasis on self-discipline.
One of the core ideas in Pythagoras’s philosophy is the importance of practicing self-control and discipline. Choosing a vegetarian lifestyle can be seen as an act of restraint, as it requires individuals to avoid certain types of food and adhere to a consistent set of principles. This mirrors Pythagoras’s broader teachings, where he encouraged people to live a life guided by reason and moderation, rather than being ruled by desires or impulses. By emphasizing discipline in day-to-day life, vegetarianism serves as a practical example of living according to philosophical ideals, making it easier to understand how such practices align with his teachings about the pursuit of a virtuous life.
- Vegetarianism connects to the principle of harmony.
Pythagoras often focused on harmony as a key aspect of life and the universe. The idea of vegetarianism aligns with this principle because it emphasizes living in balance with the natural world. Abstaining from eating animals can be seen as a way of respecting the interconnectedness of all living things, maintaining a sense of unity and peace. By choosing a way of life that minimizes harm and promotes coexistence, vegetarianism offers a clear example of how harmony can be applied in everyday decisions. This helps to illustrate the broader philosophical idea that harmony should not just be admired in nature or music but also practiced in human behavior.
- Vegetarianism supports the idea of a pure and ethical life.
Another reason vegetarianism is significant to understanding Pythagoras’s ideas is that it ties into his belief in living a pure and virtuous life. Many people view refraining from eating animals as an ethical choice that avoids causing harm or violence. Pythagoras’s philosophy emphasizes ethical considerations, encouraging people to act in ways that align with a higher moral standard. By adopting vegetarianism, his followers could demonstrate their commitment to ethical living, making this practice an important expression of his teaching. Understanding this connection between action and ethics helps shed light on how Pythagoras viewed daily choices as part of a broader philosophical framework.
Contrasting Pythagoras’s philosophy with Friedrich Nietzsche’s philosophy
Pythagoras’s views on vegetarianism highlight a stark contrast between his philosophy and that of Friedrich Nietzsche. Pythagoras believed in living harmoniously with nature and other living beings, advocating for a plant-based diet as part of ethical and spiritual purity. His stance on vegetarianism reflected his commitment to non-violence, compassion, and an interconnected view of life.
Nietzsche, on the other hand, did not centre his philosophy on the ethics of diet or vegetarianism. Instead, he often celebrated strength, vitality, and the idea of the “Übermensch” or “Superman,” who transcends conventional morality to create their own values. Nietzsche criticized traditional moral systems, including those emphasizing restraint or gentleness, as signs of weakness. He might have seen Pythagoras’s vegetarian ideals as stemming from asceticism, which Nietzsche associated with life-denial rather than affirmation.
The key difference lies in their philosophical foundations. Pythagoras’s vegetarianism aligns with his broader focus on harmony and moral order, which seeks to protect all forms of life. Nietzsche, however, prioritized individuality, self-expression, and the struggle for power, placing less emphasis on universal ethical codes. This divergence illustrates how the two thinkers viewed human existence and morality in fundamentally different ways, with Pythagoras valuing unity and non-violence, and Nietzsche emphasizing self-overcoming and personal strength.
Vegetarianism, Pythagoras’s philosophy and the meaning of life
Reflecting on Pythagoras’s views, regardless of whether you agree with them, can offer valuable insights into how we approach our own values and actions. Considering his perspective invites us to think critically about the decisions we make and their impact on the world around us, whether it’s through the lens of dietary choices, environmental stewardship, or ethical living. Exploring these ideas encourages a deeper awareness of how our actions align with our beliefs, helping to foster a life that feels true to who we are and what we stand for.
Pythagoras’s philosophy challenges us to reflect on the connections between our habits and the larger picture of our lives. Even if you do not share his viewpoint about vegetarianism, thinking about his ideals can push you to ask questions like, “Why do I make the choices I make?” and “How do those choices reflect my values and priorities?” This type of reflection can sharpen your sense of purpose and bring clarity to what truly matters to you, allowing you to live in a way that feels more meaningful.
Additionally, engaging with concepts like those proposed by Pythagoras can open the door to greater compassion and mindfulness. Whether considering the treatment of animals, the environment, or our relationships with others, reflecting on such perspectives can inspire growth in empathy and respect for different viewpoints. This practice of thoughtful consideration also creates opportunities for personal development and a more deliberate way of living.
Ultimately, reflecting on ideas like those of Pythagoras, even if you disagree, is a chance to re-evaluate how closely your life aligns with the values you wish to uphold. It helps to cultivate a habit of questioning, learning, and refining yourself to live more authentically. This process is not just about agreeing or disagreeing with any one philosophy but about using it as a tool to enrich your own pursuit of a purposeful and fulfilling life.
Further reading
Barnes, J. (1982). The Presocratic Philosophers. Routledge.
Burkert, W. (1972). Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism (E. Minar, Jr., Trans.). Harvard University Press.
Huffman, C. A. (2005). Archytas of Tarentum: Pythagorean, philosopher, and mathematician king. Cambridge University Press.
Kingsley, P. (1995). Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic: Empedocles and Pythagorean Tradition. Oxford University Press.
Zhmud, L. (2012). Pythagoras and the Early Pythagoreans. Oxford University Press.