Philosophy is often studied as a guide to living a more meaningful life, yet the importance of tolerance in Michel de Montaigne’s philosophy is not always well understood. Gaining a deeper understanding of this concept can greatly enhance the ways in which philosophy helps us in our search for a purposeful life. This article will examine Michel de Montaigne’s philosophy, the principle of tolerance, and their significance in the quest for a more meaningful existence.
Key features of Michel de Montaigne’s philosophy
Michel de Montaigne, a 16th-century French philosopher, is best known for his pioneering work in the essay as a literary form and his reflections on human nature. Central to Montaigne’s philosophy is skepticism—a belief in questioning certainty and recognizing the limits of human knowledge. He emphasized the importance of self-awareness and critical thinking, urging individuals to examine their beliefs and understand their own biases. Montaigne celebrated individuality and the richness of human experience, asserting that no single path fits all when it comes to understanding life.
Another key feature of his philosophy is his focus on the concept of “reason” as a tool for navigating life’s complexities, balanced by an acceptance of human imperfection. He often explored the tension between rationality and emotions, advocating for mindfulness and adaptability in decision-making. Montaigne also valued curiosity, encouraging open-mindedness toward different cultures, ideas, and perspectives. His humanistic approach supported the idea that by connecting with others and seeking wisdom from a broad range of experiences, we enrich our view of the world.
Ultimately, Montaigne’s philosophy is practical and introspective. It invites us to embrace life’s uncertainties, reflect on our values, and strive for personal growth. His work remains influential today, inspiring readers to approach life with humility, curiosity, and a commitment to better understanding themselves and others.
What is tolerance?
Michel de Montaigne believed that tolerance is essential for human coexistence and reflects an understanding of human imperfection. He viewed people as naturally flawed and emphasized that no one holds absolute truth or wisdom. Recognizing this, Montaigne argued that it is unreasonable to impose rigid beliefs or expectations on others. He thought that accepting differences in opinions, behaviours, and customs was a mark of wisdom and humility. For Montaigne, tolerance was tied to self-awareness; understanding one’s own limitations made it easier to accept the imperfections of others. He discouraged harsh judgment and advocated for open-mindedness and patience, believing that tolerance was not about agreeing with others but about coexisting respectfully despite differences. His perspective was rooted in the belief that humans are diverse and constantly evolving, which makes tolerance a practical and virtuous approach to living among others. Montaigne’s writings reflect his desire for a harmonious society where people appreciate individuality while respecting the shared humanity that connects them.
An example that demonstrates this philosophical perspective can be seen in the ideas of Michel de Montaigne. One notable illustration of his stance on tolerance emerges from his essays, in which he reflects on the diversity of human cultures and behaviours. Montaigne observed how practices and customs, though unfamiliar to one group, could hold profound meaning and value to another. For instance, he remarked on the rituals of foreign societies, urging readers not to condemn them outright as barbaric simply because they differ from one’s own traditions. Instead, he suggested that understanding and accepting these differences leads to a more harmonious coexistence. His writing encourages people to approach unfamiliar ideas with an open mind rather than resort to judgment or prejudice. Montaigne’s reflections serve as a timeless reminder of the importance of empathy and the value of seeing the world through perspectives beyond our own.
Challenges to Michel de Montaigne’s view about tolerance
Some philosophers object to Michel de Montaigne’s view about tolerance for a variety of reasons, often rooted in concerns about moral relativism, the limits of tolerating harmful ideas, and the conflict between individual and societal ethics. One key objection is that an excessive emphasis on tolerance can lead to moral relativism, where all beliefs are treated as equally valid. Critics argue that this can prevent society from drawing clear lines between what is right and wrong, even in the case of harmful or dangerous practices. They worry that if we tolerate all views without judgment, it may undermine the development of a stable moral framework that society can rely upon.
Another criticism is that tolerance, if taken too far, may create an environment where harmful or oppressive ideas are allowed to flourish. For example, tolerating ideas that promote hatred or discrimination can inadvertently contribute to the growth of inequality or social divisions. Philosophers who take this stance caution that tolerance should have boundaries and should not extend to beliefs or actions that harm others or erode the common good. Without such limits, they argue, tolerance may end up doing more harm than good by enabling behaviour and ideologies that conflict with fundamental human rights.
Additionally, some philosophers challenge the practical application of tolerance when it comes into conflict with collective ethics or values. They argue that while individuals may be free to believe what they wish, society has a responsibility to uphold certain norms for the greater good. These critics maintain that overly broad tolerance could weaken a community’s ability to take action against serious social problems such as injustice or inequality. They contend that tolerance must be balanced with accountability to ensure that harmful actions or beliefs do not remain unaddressed under the guise of acceptance.
Ultimately, objections to Montaigne’s view on tolerance often stem from the concern that an uncritical acceptance of all beliefs may blur the line between tolerance and complicity, making it harder to address critical moral and social issues. These critics argue for more nuanced approaches that consider the consequences of tolerating certain ideas or behaviours.
Why tolerance is important to Michel de Montaigne’s philosophy
These are some of the main reasons why grasping the concept of tolerance is essential to comprehending Michel de Montaigne’s philosophy.
- Tolerance as a Foundation for Human Coexistence
Tolerance emphasizes the importance of accepting differences among people, whether in beliefs, behaviours, or customs. This idea is crucial because it allows individuals to live together without perpetuating conflict or division. Recognizing that people come from unique backgrounds and have diverse perspectives fosters a sense of harmony. Without tolerance, these differences can lead to misunderstanding, prejudice, and even violence. By advocating for acceptance, tolerance encourages peaceful relationships and social stability, which are essential for a functioning society.
- Encouragement of Open-mindedness and Curiosity
Tolerance enables individuals to remain open-minded and curious about others’ ideas, even if those ideas differ from their own. Being tolerant does not mean agreeing with every perspective, but it does mean being willing to engage with them respectfully. This open-minded approach promotes learning and prevents intellectual stagnation. By exposing oneself to varying philosophies, traditions, and beliefs, individuals broaden their understanding of the world, cultivate empathy, and develop more nuanced perspectives.
- Facing the Imperfection of Human Nature
Human beings are inherently imperfect, and tolerance is vital for acknowledging and accepting these imperfections. It helps individuals and communities avoid harsh judgments and instead focus on common humanity. Recognizing flaws in oneself and others builds humility and patience, making interactions more compassionate. This acknowledgment opens the door to progress, as it allows people to focus on collaboration and growth rather than condemnation or blame.
Contrasting Michel de Montaigne’s philosophy with Hobbes’s philosophy
Michel de Montaigne’s view on tolerance and his philosophy as a whole differ significantly from that of Thomas Hobbes, particularly in how they perceive human nature and the way societies should function. Montaigne emphasized the importance of understanding and accepting the diversity of human beliefs and behaviours. His approach to tolerance was rooted in humility and skepticism about absolute truths, believing that no single person or culture held the ultimate answer to life’s questions. For Montaigne, accepting differences was essential to maintaining harmony and fostering personal growth.
Hobbes, on the other hand, had a much bleaker view of human nature. He saw people as driven by self-interest, leading to conflict and chaos without strict control. Tolerance, in Hobbes’s framework, was not a central focus. Instead, he argued for a strong, centralized authority (like a sovereign or government) to ensure order and prevent the destructive tendencies of human beings. For Hobbes, maintaining peace relied less on the acceptance of differences and more on enforcing rules and obedience to authority.
The key difference lies in their underlying assumptions. Montaigne believed in the value of dialogue and mutual respect to address human differences, while Hobbes prioritized control and structure to contain human flaws. Their views on tolerance highlight contrasting visions of how people and societies can coexist and thrive.
Tolerance, Michel de Montaigne’s philosophy and the meaning of life
Reflecting on Michel de Montaigne’s views, especially on tolerance, can offer valuable insights into how we approach our lives and relationships. Taking time to think deeply about philosophical ideas, whether we agree with them or not, encourages self-awareness and personal growth. Montaigne’s works challenge us to examine our own beliefs, biases, and behaviours in ways that can lead to a more meaningful and compassionate existence.
Tolerance, in particular, is a concept that can reshape how we interact with others. By reflecting on tolerance through the lens of philosophy, we begin to see the importance of accepting differences, whether they relate to opinions, lifestyles, or cultures. Understanding that every individual brings diverse perspectives to the world allows us to foster more inclusive and positive communities. Such reflection promotes peace and helps us respond to conflict with patience and mindfulness rather than hostility.
Philosophical reflection is also practical because it helps us stay grounded when navigating life’s challenges. Examining views like Montaigne’s encourages us to question our actions and to align them with values that matter most to us. For example, when we consider tolerance, we may ask ourselves whether we are truly open to listening to opposing ideas or if we unconsciously dismiss them. Honest self-questioning plays a significant role in personal development and the pursuit of a meaningful life.
Even if one disagrees with Montaigne’s specific ideas, simply engaging in this type of deep thinking has intrinsic value. It cultivates humility, empathy, and a broader perspective, which can help us build stronger connections with others. These qualities are not only fulfilling but are essential to creating a life rooted in purpose and understanding. Reflecting on Montaigne’s philosophy, therefore, is not an abstract exercise but a practical tool that enhances how we live and grow as individuals.
Further reading
Bakewell, S. (2011). How to live: Or a life of Montaigne in one question and twenty attempts at an answer. Other Press.
Bénéjam, V., & Bitton, P. (Eds.). (2016). Montaigne and the lives of others. The Ohio State University Press.
Cave, T. (1999). Montaigne in context. Cambridge University Press.
Frame, D. M. (Trans.). (1958). The complete essays of Michel de Montaigne. Stanford University Press.
Keohane, N. O. (1977). Philosophy and the state in France: The Renaissance to the Enlightenment. Princeton University Press.
Levine, A. (1999). Sensual philosophy: Toleration, skepticism, and Montaigne’s politics of the self. Lexington Books.
Lukes, S. (1973). Individualism. Harper & Row.
Sayce, R. A. (1972). The essays of Montaigne—a critical exploration. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Schmidt, J. (1996). What is enlightenment?: Eighteenth-century answers and twentieth-century questions. University of California Press.
Starobinski, J. (1985). Montaigne in motion. University of Chicago Press.
Tournon, A. (1998). Montaigne et la question de l’homme. Presses Universitaires de France.