Max Stirner

Philosophy often serves as a guiding tool for those seeking to lead a more meaningful life, yet the sheer volume of information available can be overwhelming. To simplify this pursuit, it is essential to return to foundational ideas, such as John Locke's philosophy and his perspectives on legitimate authority. Understanding these concepts can profoundly influence how we apply philosophical principles to enrich our lives. This article will examine Locke's philosophy, the notion of legitimate authority, and their importance in the quest for a more meaningful existence. Key features of John Locke's philosophy John Locke, an influential philosopher of the Enlightenment era, is best known for his ideas on human rights, government, and knowledge. He believed that every person is born as a "blank slate" (tabula rasa), meaning we gain knowledge and develop traits through experience rather than being born with innate ideas. Locke emphasized the importance of reason and observation as tools for understanding the world. One of his most notable contributions is his theory of natural rights. Locke argued that all individuals are entitled to life, liberty, and property, and these rights are inherent and cannot be taken away. He believed that governments exist to protect these rights, and if they fail to do so, the people have the right to remove or replace them. This idea laid the groundwork for modern democracy and influenced thinkers behind many key historical events, including the American and French revolutions. Locke also discussed the concept of social contract, where people agree to form societies and governments to ensure peace and security. At the same time, the government’s power must come from the consent of the governed. Overall, his philosophies centered on individual freedom, equality, and the idea that knowledge comes from personal experience, ideas that continue to shape political and educational systems today. What is legitimate authority? John Locke believed that legitimate authority comes from the consent of the people being governed. For Locke, no one has a natural right to rule over others without their agreement. Instead, authority must be based on an understanding between the governing body and the individuals within society. This consent forms the basis of a social contract, where individuals agree to follow certain rules and laws in exchange for protection and the preservation of their natural rights—such as life, liberty, and property. Locke argued that without the consent of the governed, authority becomes illegitimate and oppressive. People have the right to question or even withdraw their consent if those in power fail to uphold their responsibilities or violate the rights of individuals. For Locke, government exists to serve its citizens, not the other way around. Therefore, legitimate authority is fundamentally rooted in the trust and voluntary participation of the people in creating and maintaining their system of governance. This example helps to demonstrate this philosophical perspective. Consider a small community where the members agree to form a local government. The people decide together that this government will protect their rights, such as the right to own property and the right to personal safety. They also choose to follow a set of laws created by the government in exchange for the government’s protection. If the government respects this agreement and serves to protect the rights of its people, the authority of the government is considered legitimate. However, if the government begins to take away these rights—like unfairly taking property or endangering its people—the people have the right to question the government's authority. This example shows how legitimacy in leadership depends on the agreement between the governed and their rulers, emphasizing the idea that authority is based on mutual trust and respect for individual rights. Challenges to John Locke's view about legitimate authority Several philosophers have raised objections to John Locke's ideas about legitimate authority, focusing on different aspects of his arguments and their practical implications. One major criticism involves the concept of consent, which Locke uses as a foundation for legitimate political authority. Philosophers have argued that relying on consent can be problematic because not everyone explicitly provides or has the opportunity to provide it. For example, individuals born into a society are often assumed to consent to its government simply by living within its boundaries. Critics argue this "implied" or "tacit" consent is not genuinely voluntary and may not represent true agreement. Another objection comes from concerns about inequality. Some philosophers believe Locke’s framework for legitimate authority does not adequately address how existing social and economic inequalities can undermine the fairness of the social contract. They argue that if some people are significantly disadvantaged compared to others, their ability to consent freely to governmental authority may be compromised. This makes the legitimacy of the authority questionable, as it results from relationships of power that may not be equally fair or just. Others have critiqued Locke’s ideas for being too idealistic and disconnected from the realities of political power. They point out that governments often operate through coercion or manipulation, which can overshadow the concept of authority grounded in mutual agreement. Philosophers from more critical perspectives, such as Marxist or anarchist thinkers, argue that Locke’s ideas fail to explain or challenge systemic injustices that persist in many societies. They emphasize that authority is often maintained not through consent but through the control of resources, force, or social conditioning. Some also question Locke’s focus on individual rights as the basis for authority. Communitarian philosophers, for example, argue that Locke’s view doesn’t adequately account for the role of shared traditions, cultures, and communities in shaping authority structures. They argue that authority can arise naturally within a community context, without requiring formal consent from each member. These varied critiques showcase the ways in which Locke’s ideas have sparked ongoing debate, as different thinkers explore the complexities of authority and its justification in society. Why legitimate authority is important to John Locke's philosophy These are some of the main reasons why grasping the concept of legitimate authority is crucial to comprehending John Locke's philosophy. Establishes the Basis for Government Power The idea of legitimate authority is essential in philosophy as it helps define how and why a government or authority can exercise power over individuals. Without understanding what makes authority "legitimate," it would be challenging to separate justified governance from unjust rule. This concept provides a foundation for analyzing what criteria are necessary for authority to be recognized as lawful and acceptable by the people. By discussing legitimate authority, philosophers can explore questions such as whether power originates from agreements, traditions, or some higher moral principle. This idea helps create a framework for interpreting how authority aligns with justice and fairness in society. Supports the Idea of Social Cooperation Legitimate authority is also crucial in understanding how societies can function smoothly through cooperative relationships. If authority is considered legitimate, people are more likely to follow laws, contribute to the community, and respect leadership. This sense of legitimacy creates trust between those in power and the citizens, which is necessary for maintaining order and avoiding chaos. Philosophical discussions on legitimate authority allow for a deeper exploration of how rules and governance can encourage individuals to work together for shared goals while reducing conflict. Defines Moral and Legal Boundaries The concept of legitimate authority helps philosophers set boundaries for what is acceptable in the exercise of power. The idea serves as a guide for distinguishing between power that benefits society and power that exploits or oppresses individuals. Understanding legitimacy provides a way to measure whether authority aligns with ethical principles and the rule of law. Without this, there would be no clear way to challenge abuses of power or recognize when authority has overstepped its rightful role. This aspect of legitimacy ensures accountability and protects fundamental rights within a structured society. Contrasting John Locke's philosophy with Max Stirner's philosophy John Locke’s view on legitimate authority stands in stark contrast to Max Stirner’s philosophy. Locke believed that legitimate authority arises from the consent of the governed. He argued that governments are established to protect individuals’ natural rights, such as life, liberty, and property, and that authority should only be exercised when it upholds these rights for the common good. For Locke, a governing body gains its legitimacy when it serves the collective interest and respects the social contract between the rulers and the ruled. On the other hand, Max Stirner rejected the idea of authority altogether. Stirner’s philosophy, rooted in individualism, viewed all external structures of authority—whether governments, laws, or even moral rules—as constraints on personal freedom. He believed that individuals should prioritize their self-interest above all else and not be bound by any imposed principles or collective agreements. Stirner saw concepts like 'legitimate authority' as illusions designed to limit the individual’s autonomy. The key difference between the two thinkers lies in their views on collective structures and obligations. Locke focused on creating a just society through mutual agreements, emphasizing cooperation and shared responsibility. Stirner, however, dismissed such structures as inherently oppressive, advocating instead for radical individualism and self-determination. Their philosophies reflect deeply opposing priorities—one revolving around community and mutual governance, and the other around complete individual freedom. Legitimate Authority, John Locke's philosophy and the meaning of life Reflecting on John Locke's view about legitimate authority is valuable for anyone striving to live a more meaningful life, regardless of whether they agree with his perspective or not. This reflection encourages us to consider the concepts of responsibility, fairness, and the role authority plays in shaping our personal and social values. By engaging with Locke's ideas, we are prompted to think critically about the kinds of systems and relationships we choose to participate in, and whether these align with our ethical beliefs and personal goals. Authority impacts nearly every aspect of our lives, from the workplace to government, to even family dynamics. Reflecting on Locke's philosophy helps us question whether the structures of authority we encounter are fostering equality and justice or perpetuating harm and imbalance. This process can inspire us to take a more active role in reshaping authority where it falls short, whether through advocacy, dialogue, or simply by making ethical life choices that reject unjust systems. Beyond abstract discussions, this act of questioning strengthens our sense of purpose and empowers us to contribute positively to our communities. On a personal level, contemplating ideas like legitimacy and fairness can also help us reflect on our own inner authority—how we govern ourselves. Are we basing our decisions on values that resonate deeply with us, or are we allowing external pressures to dictate the course of our lives? A meaningful life often involves not just compliance with authority but a thoughtful relationship with it, where we respect rightful authority while standing firm against what is unfair or misaligned with our principles. Ultimately, the value of reflecting on Locke’s views lies in how it provides a framework for examining the society we live in and the lives we lead. It’s not just about abstract philosophies—it’s about shaping a life of integrity and conscious decision-making in a world where authority, power, and responsibility constantly intersect. Taking the time to reflect in this way nudges us closer to a life of purpose, growth, and fulfillment. Further reading Ashcraft, R. (1986). Revolutionary politics and Locke’s Two Treatises of Government. Princeton University Press. Cox, R. H. (1960). Locke on war and peace. The Journal of Politics, 22(4), 667–692. https://doi.org/10.2307/2126975 Dunn, J. (1969). The political thought of John Locke. Cambridge University Press. Goldwin, R. A. (1980). Locke's state of nature in political society. The Western Political Quarterly, 33(1), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.2307/448070 Grant, R. W. (1987). John Locke's liberalism. University of Chicago Press. Laslett, P. (1988). Introduction to John Locke’s Two Treatises of Government. Cambridge University Press. Marshall, J. (1996). John Locke, toleration and early Enlightenment culture. Cambridge University Press. Rawls, J. (2007). Lectures on the history of political philosophy. Harvard University Press. Tarcov, N. (1984). Locke's education for liberty. University of Chicago Press. Zuckert, M. (1994). Natural rights and the new Republicanism. Princeton University Press.

Max Stirner

John Locke’s Philosophy and legitimate authority

Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Philosophy and public good